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Bladder Cancer

What are the Bladder Cancer Tests and Exams?

The health care provider will perform a physical examination , including a rectal and pelvic exam.To find out whether bladder cancer may be the cause of your urinary symptoms, your doctor will evaluate your.

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1. Medical history, including your smoking history and your possible exposure to cancer-causing chemicals.

2. Physical symptoms. A physical exam may include a rectal exam, a prostate exam for men, or a pelvic exam for women.

3. A urine test and urine culture, to check for the presence of blood, infection, and other abnormal cells.
4. Family history of cancer.

Diagnostic tests that may be done include:

1. Urine cytology
2. Intravenous pyelogram IVP
3. Bladder biopsy usually performed during cystoscopy
4. Cystoscopy examining the inside of the bladder with a camera
5. Abdominal CT scan
6. Urinalysis

Small tissue samples (biopsies) of any abnormal areas are taken and looked at under a microscope to find out whether cancer cells are present and what the cells look like (grade). Information from the biopsy, cystoscopy, and sometimes other tests is used to find out the size and extent of the cancer (stage). Cancer stage and grade tell the size and shape of cancer cells and whether they have spread to other body areas.

Another Diagnostic tests that may be done include:

1. A bone scan may be done to find out whether the cancer has spread to the bones.

2. An intravenous pyelogram or computed tomography (CT urogram) to look for a mass near the kidneys, ureters, or bladder.

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If bladder cancer is diagnosed, more tests may be needed to determine whether the cancer has spread (metastasized).

3. A CT scan or MRI may be done to determine whether the cancer has spread to lymph nodes, the lungs, the liver, or other abdominal organs.

4. A chemistry screen, to evaluate kidney, liver, and bone functions.

5. A chest X ray may be done to determine whether the cancer has spread to the lungs.

6. A complete blood count (CBC), to find out if you have anemia.

It is important to have regular exams and cystoscopies to detect any recurrence early so that additional treatment can begin immediately. Researchers are studying ways to identify low-grade cancer cells without the need for a cystoscopy. Some tests for specific proteins in cancer cells (tumor markers), such as BTA and NMP22, have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to use to detect recurrent cancer.

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